Nail Salon Safety: From Nail Dystrophy to Acrylate Contact Allergies.

Nail cosmetics are an integral practice in many patients' lives. However, the manicuring process can result in nail damage via instrumentation, allergens in nail polish, and infections. Many of these nail disorders are preventable through proper education. Therefore, it is critical for physicians to understand the steps involved in regular, gel, and acrylic manicures and educate patients on how to protect their natural nails. Simple preventative measures can be discussed with patients and make a substantial difference in their long-term nail health.

Removal of Isotretinoin Gender-Based Guidelines: Inclusivity Takes Precedence.

The iPLEDGE Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) system recently underwent major structural changes. After many years of advocacy by physicians and patients, the program has changed to reflect more inclusivity in the enrollment process. Specifically, the risk categories of females of reproductive potential, females not of reproductive potential, and males were replaced by 2 categories: (1) people who can get pregnant, and (2) people who cannot get pregnant. The importance of this change is detailed here along with proposed questions we can ask patients to understand their pregnancy-related risks with isotretinoin. As allies to our patients, we strive to create an environment of equal care for all, and this change moves us in a more inclusive, patient-centered direction.

How to Foster Camaraderie in Dermatology Residency.

Camaraderie and teamwork in dermatology residency are essential to the well-being and success of the residents and the overall program. Good relationships lead to better experiences inside and outside of clinic as well as enhance collaboration and learning. Establishing trust and genuine interest in one another is at the heart of fostering camaraderie with peers. Activities that can lead to a close-knit group include planning social events and attending local and national conferences together. When conflicts arise, handling them in an upfront and open manner is the key to maintaining strong relationships. Camaraderie can be fostered in many different ways, and in the end, everyone benefits.

Itch intensity in prurigo nodularis is closely related to dermal interleukin-31, oncostatin M, IL-31 receptor alpha and oncostatin M receptor beta.

Prurigo nodularis (PN) is a chronic skin dermatosis with hyperkeratotic and intensely pruritic nodules. Managing PN-associated itch is difficult because its aetiology is still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between itch intensity in PN and the expression of a pruritogenic cytokine interleukin (IL)-31, its receptor complex components IL-31 receptor α (IL-31RA) and oncostatin M receptor ß (OSMRß), and oncostatin M (OSM), which is a ligand of OSMR ß, through immunofluorescence staining examination. Itch intensity in PN was closely correlated with the number of dermal IL-31(+) cells (Spearman's r = 0.551, p < 0.05), dermal IL-31RA(+) cells (r = 0.475, p < 0.05) and dermal OSM(+) cells (r = 0.505, p < 0.05). In addition, the number of dermal OSMRß (+) cells was increased in PN (t test, p < 0.05), despite not being correlated with itch intensity (Spearman's r = 0.375, p > 0.05). Major cellular sources of dermal IL-31 were T cells (27.0% of total IL-31-expressing cells) and macrophages (35.0%), while those of OSM were mainly T cells (49.8%) and mast cells (26.8%). IL-31RA-expressing dermal cells were mostly mast cells (49.3%) and macrophages (36.6%), and OSMRß was mainly expressed by macrophages (51.8%) in the dermis. These findings indicate that IL-31 (mainly from macrophages and T cells) and OSM (principally from T cells and mast cells) stimulate dermal cells expressing IL-31RA and OSMRß (e.g. macrophages), which may further promote itch and inflammation in PN. This complex dermal milieu of cell/cytokine/receptor network can be a therapeutic target for PN-associated itch.

Traditional and advanced therapeutic modalities for wounds in the paediatric population: an evidence-based review.

OBJECTIVE: Children can have non-healing wounds due to a wide range of pathologies, including epidermolysis bullosa (EB), pilonidal disease and Stevens-Johnson syndrome, with some causes being iatrogenic, including extravasation injuries and medical device-related hospital-acquired pressure ulcers. Furthermore, paediatric wounds are vastly different from adult wounds and therefore require a different treatment approach. While there are numerous types of dressings, topical remedies, and matrices with high-tier evidence to support their use in adults, evidence is scarce in the neonatal and paediatric age groups. The purpose of this review is to discuss the basic principles in paediatric wound management, as well as to present new treatment findings published in the literature to date. The benefits and risks of using different types of debridement are discussed in this review. Various topical formulations are also described, including the need to use antibiotics judiciously. METHOD: Databases were searched for relevant sources including Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science and DynaMed. Search terms used included 'wound care', 'wound management', 'paediatrics', 'children', 'skin substitutes', and 'grafts'. Additionally, each treatment and disease entity was searched for relevant sources, including, for example: 'Apligraf', 'dermagraft', 'Manuka honey', 'antibiotic', 'timolol', and 'negative pressure wound therapy' (NPWT). RESULTS: Amniotic membrane living skin equivalent is a cellular matrix that has been reportedly successful in treating paediatrics wounds and is currently under investigation in randomised clinical trials. Helicoll is an acellular matrix, which shows promise in children with recessive dystrophic EB. NPWT may be used as a tool to accelerate wound closure in children; however, caution must be taken due to limited evidence to support its safety and efficacy in the paediatric patient population. Integra has been reported as a useful adjunctive treatment to NPWT as both may act synergistically. Hospitalised children and neonates frequently have pressure ulcers, which is why prevention in this type of wound is paramount. CONCLUSION: Advancements in wound care are rapidly expanding. Various treatments for non-healing wounds in paediatric and neonatal patients have been reported, but high tier evidence in these populations is scarce. We hope to shed light on existing evidence regarding the different therapeutic modalities, from debridement techniques and dressing types to tissue substitutes and topical remedies. There have been promising results in many studies to date, but RCTs involving larger sample sizes are necessary, in order to determine the specific role these innovative agents play in paediatric wounds and to identify true safety and efficacy.

Combination Topical Chemotherapy for the Treatment of an Invasive Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Introduction: Standard of care for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is usually surgical, with either excision or Mohs micrographic surgery. However, surgery may not be ideal for elderly patients with numerous lesions, who are poor surgical candidates or who refuse surgery. Topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and imiquimod have been studied off-label as monotherapies in the treatment of SCC in situ with promising results. However, long-term tumor-free survival rates are still less than with surgical management. Methods: We report a case of biopsy-proven invasive SCC in an 86-year-old Caucasian male with history of multiple actinic keratoses and no previous skin cancers. The patient declined surgical treatment due to concerns about cosmetic outcomes. A combination of topical 5% imiquimod cream, 2% 5-FU solution, and 0.1% tretinoin cream was used five nights per week under occlusion for a treatment goal of 30 total applications. The patient was evaluated in clinic every 2 weeks during which the site was treated with cryotherapy. The patient reported burning pain associated with treatment and only completed 24 of the 30 applications. Results: Follow-up biopsy 15 months after completing topical treatment revealed dermal scar with no evidence of residual carcinoma. Conclusion: Topical combination therapy with imiquimod, 5-FU, and tretinoin with intermittent, brief cryotherapy effectively treated a small, invasive SCC in this select patient who deferred surgery. Prospective randomized-controlled clinical trials to assess the role of combination topical treatment for invasive SCCs are warranted. J Drugs Dermatol. 2020;19(2)202-204. doi:10.36849/JDD.2020.2228

Increased Preauricular Wrinkles in Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia Compared to Age-Matched Controls: A Prospective Study of 64 Patients.

INTRODUCTION: Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a scarring alopecia affecting mainly postmenopausal females. Associated clinical signs include facial papules, glabellar red dots, depression of frontal veins, and lichen planus pigmentosus. Our objective was to establish the validity of increased preauricular lines as another clinical marker of FFA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two females with FFA were compared to 32 age-matched females with either androgenetic alopecia or chronic telogen effluvium. Bilateral images of the preauricular area were taken, and disease severity was calculated in all FFA patients using the FFA severity scale (FFASS). The average number of preauricular lines were determined and compared based on group, age, and severity. RESULTS: Patients with FFA had a significantly higher mean number of preauricular lines than controls (p = 0.002). Intergroup analysis among the FFA patients revealed no significant difference between FFASS and the number of wrinkles or the number of wrinkles in patients ≥60 years old. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Females with FFA have increased preauricular lines compared to age-matched controls regardless of age, and disease severity was not correlated to increased lines. Although the cause is unknown, atrophy and loss of elastic fibers in biopsies of the preauricular area in diseased patients may contribute. These findings reveal another potential clinical marker of FFA.

Pathophysiologic mechanisms of itch in bullous pemphigoid.

BACKGROUND: One of the hallmarks of bullous pemphigoid (BP) is moderate to severe chronic itch. Managing this is difficult because little is known about the mechanisms of itch in BP. OBJECTIVE: We sought to elucidate the pathophysiologic mechanisms of itch in BP. METHODS: The expression of itch mediators in lesions of 24 patients with BP and 6 healthy individuals were examined through immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, the expression of itch mediators and itch severity was correlated. RESULTS: Itch severity was correlated with eosinophils, substance P, neurokinin 1R, interleukin (IL) 31 receptor A, oncostatin M receptor-ß, IL-13, periostin, and basophils. There was also a trend between itch severity and IL-31 expression. Most of the cells expressing IL-31 or neurokinin 1R were identified as eosinophils. Intraepidermal nerve fiber density was decreased. Other itch mediators, including mast cells, IL-4, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and ankyrin 1, and protease activated receptor 2 were not significantly correlated with itch severity. LIMITATIONS: The relatively small sample size, the examination of protein expression exclusively through immunofluorescent analysis, and lack of functional assays in patients are the limitations. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple factors are involved in BP-associated itch, including eosinophils, substance P, neurokinin 1R, IL-31, IL-31 receptor A, oncostatin M receptor-ß, IL-13, periostin, and basophils. They could be useful therapeutic targets.

The Skin Cancer Index: quality-of-life outcomes of treatments for nonmelanoma skin cancer.

Introduction: Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most common malignancies in humans. When treating NMSC, quality-of-life (QOL) is an important consideration. The purpose of this study was to measure and compare QOL outcomes of two common therapies for NMSC: Mohs micrographic surgery and excision, using a disease-specific QOL instrument, the Skin Cancer Index (SCI).Methods: The University of Miami Institutional Review Board approved this retrospective chart review of patients diagnosed with NMSC from 2016 through 2019 at a private dermatology clinic (Deerfield Beach, FL, USA). Disease-specific QOL before and after surgery was measured with the SCI.Results: Pre- and post-surgery surveys were completed by 208 patients undergoing Mohs surgery and 30 patients undergoing excisional surgery. All patients were similar in age, gender, and race, and most patients undergoing either procedure had a history of additional prior skin cancers. For the Mohs cohort, the total SCI scores and each of the subscales were significantly higher post-surgery when compared with the baseline scores. In contrast, in the excision cohort, the social subscale was significantly lower post-surgery when compared with the baseline scores.Conclusion: There is limited data in the literature describing the specific effects of Mohs or excision for NMSC on QOL using a disease-specific QOL instrument. Our data supports increased QOL at 2-week follow up for patients with NMSC treated with Mohs, but no improvement in QOL was noted for patients treated with excision. This data is limited by the fact there were far more patients that underwent Mohs as opposed to excision, which gave the Mohs cohort greater statistical power when analyzing the difference in SCI.

Mechanisms of Itch in Stasis Dermatitis: Significant Role of IL-31 from Macrophages.

Stasis dermatitis (SD) is a common disease in the elderly population, with pruritus being one of the troublesome symptoms. However, there are few therapeutic modalities available for SD-associated itch because little is known about its pathophysiological mechanism. Therefore, we sought to investigate the mediators of itch in SD using an immunofluorescence study on patient lesions focusing on IL-31. Ex vivo stimulation studies using murine peritoneal macrophages were also used to elucidate the pathological mechanisms of the generation of IL-31. In SD lesions, dermal infiltrating IL-31(+) cells were increased in number compared with the healthy controls, and the majority of IL-31(+) cells were CD68(+) macrophages. The presence of itch in SD was significantly associated with the amount of CD68(+)/IL-31(+) macrophages and CD68(+)/CD163(+) M2 macrophages. The number of CD68(+)/IL-31(+) macrophages was correlated with the number of dermal C-C chemokine receptor type 4(+) T helper type 2 cells, IL-17(+) cells, basophils, substance P(+) cells, and dermal deposition of periostin and hemosiderin. Furthermore, murine peritoneal macrophages expressed an M2 marker arginase-1 and generated IL-31 when stimulated with a combination of substance P, periostin, and red blood cell lysate (representing hemosiderin). IL-31 from macrophages may play a role in itch in SD.

Alopecia as a systemic disease.

Alopecia is a skin condition of great social and psychologic impact. Primary alopecia originates from the hair follicles and usually does not have systemic manifestations; however, secondary alopecia can affect the hair follicles in the setting of systemic diseases, medications, and external trauma. Connective tissue diseases, granulomatous diseases, bullous diseases, infections, and tumors are some of the systemic diseases that will be covered in this review. Trichoscopy is a useful noninvasive tool that can help with the diagnosis in the office and can guide the selection of the optimal site for the scalp biopsy. Histopathology is the ultimate tool for the diagnosis in most cases of secondary alopecia and can be performed on vertical and horizontal sections. In most cases, treating the underlying condition is the single most important strategy, but topical treatments for the alopecia are also applied.

Atopic dermatitis made easy: The Schachner Ladder.

The vast majority of atopic dermatitis follows a mild, chronic relapsing course. In this article, we highlight the art and practice of treating atopic dermatitis based upon a foundation of maintenance care and a ladder of therapy that can teach patients and their families how to best tailor their pharmaceutical options to optimize the management of their disease.

Desmoplastic Melanoma Arising after 1,064 nm q-Switched Nd:YAG Laser of a Suspected Solar Lentigo.

OBJECTIVES: To present a case of desmoplastic melanoma (DM) arising after laser therapy of a suspected solar lentigo with the 1,064 nm Q-switched (QS) Neodymium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (Nd:YAG) laser and discuss the safety of treating suspected solar lentigines with laser therapy. METHODS: Case presentation with discussion. RESULTS: We describe a patient who developed DM after 1,064 nm QS Nd:YAG laser therapy to a suspected solar lentigo. CONCLUSIONS: Limited generalizable studies regarding the safety of laser therapy for solar lentigines exist, specifically for the 1,064 nm QS Nd:YAG laser. Therefore, we recommend caution is taken when considering laser therapy for these lesions, as well as strong consideration for histologic confirmation prior to therapy.

A Case of Complete Resolution of Severe Plantar Dyshidrotic Eczema With Dupilumab

A 44-year-old woman with a history of asthma, hypercholesterolemia, and impaired glucose tolerance presented with severely painful and intensely pruritic plantar dermatitis for more than two years that impaired her ability to walk.

Propionibacterium (Cutibacterium) acnes Bacteriophage Therapy in Acne: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives.

Acne vulgaris is the most common dermatological disorder worldwide. It is a multifactorial disease that involves increased sebum production, hyperkeratinization of the pilosebaceous unit, Propionibacterium acnes (Cutibacterium acnes) colonization, and inflammation. The human skin microbiome hosts a wide variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. A delicate balance of these microorganisms is essential for the barrier function of the skin. Propionibacterium acnes represents nearly 90% of the human skin microbiome of healthy adults. Acne is a chronic recurrent disease that requires long-lasting treatment, which has led to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. New alternatives to traditional therapy are emerging, including antimicrobial peptides, natural engineered antibodies, and bacteriophages. Bacteriophages have been shown to play a role in human skin health and disease. There is evidence supporting phage therapy in many types of skin infections. P. acnes bacteriophages have been isolated and characterized. However, only a few in vitro studies have tested the ability of bacteriophages to kill P. acnes. Furthermore, there is no evidence on bacteriophage therapy in the treatment of acne in humans. In this review, we summarize the most recent evidence regarding P. acnes bacteriophages and the potential role of these bacteriophages in the treatment of acne. Further research on this field will provide the evidence to use phage therapy to decrease rates of antibiotic resistance and restore antibiotic susceptibility of P. acnes.